James continues with the logical conclusion: therefore, whoever chooses to be a friend of the world becomes a personal enemy of God. Therefore (oun) appears here for the first time (see 4:7, 17). With it he calls attention to implications his hearers may not have considered. James uses the indefinite whoever to indicate that one’s relationship with God depends on personal choices related to the values of the world. The Greek word translated chooses (boulēthē) may be translated “wish, want, desire”